Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), also known as dengue fever, is an increasing health concern, particularly in Indonesia. With a notable rise in cases, it’s crucial to be vigilant about this mosquito-borne illness transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Who is More Vulnerable to Dengue? Infants, Adults, and the Elderly
While dengue fever can affect anyone, certain age groups are at a higher risk of experiencing more severe conditions:
- Infants and Young Children: Babies and young children who have not previously been infected with dengue are more susceptible to complications due to their still-developing immune systems.
- Elderly Individuals: As people age, their immune defenses naturally weaken. This makes older adults more prone to experiencing severe dengue symptoms.
- Individuals with Comorbidities: People with pre-existing health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or autoimmune disorders are at greater risk of serious complications from dengue fever.
A critical severe complication of dengue to be aware of is Severe Dengue, also known as Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). DSS is characterized by plasma leakage and a drastic decrease in platelet count.
It’s important to remember that all age groups are susceptible to dengue. Even though the groups mentioned above are at higher risk of more severe conditions, dengue in adults can also be fatal if not treated promptly.
Distinguishing Dengue from Common Fever, Flu, and COVID-19
Fever is a common symptom across various illnesses, including dengue, the common cold, flu, and COVID-19. However, there are key differences that can help you distinguish between them:
Dengue fever symptoms comparison table with common cold, flu, and COVID-19 highlighting key differences in fever patterns, body aches, cough, and rash.
It’s important to note that this table serves as an initial guide. Symptoms can vary from person to person. If you experience fever accompanied by several of the symptoms above, especially joint pain and rash, seek medical evaluation immediately to determine the cause.
Dengue Diagnosis: Health Checks, Rapid Tests, and Antibody Tests
To accurately diagnose dengue fever, doctors will conduct a physical examination and order supporting laboratory tests. These tests include:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): This test checks the levels of white blood cells, platelets, and hematocrit (the proportion of red blood cells in the blood).
- Dengue Serology Tests: These tests detect the presence of dengue antibodies (IgG, IgM) in the blood. There are two common types of dengue serology tests:
- NS1 Antigen Test: Detects the NS1 protein of the dengue virus. This test is typically performed in the acute phase of infection (1-7 days after fever onset).
- Dengue IgG and IgM Antibody Tests: Detect antibodies produced by the body to fight the dengue virus.
- IgM: Starts to form 5-7 days after fever onset and peaks around days 10 to 14. Indicates an acute dengue infection.
- IgG: Starts to form after IgM and persists for life. Indicates a past dengue infection.
Interpreting Dengue Test Results:
- NS1 Antigen Positive: Indicates an ongoing dengue infection.
- Dengue Antibody Tests:
- IgM Positive and IgG Negative: Indicates an acute dengue infection (primary infection).
- IgM and IgG Positive: Indicates an acute dengue infection (possibly secondary infection) or a previous dengue infection.
- IgG Positive and IgM Negative: Indicates a past dengue infection, not acute.
Recovery Steps and Care for Dengue Fever
There is no specific antiviral medication for dengue fever. Dengue treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Recommended recovery steps and care include:
- Adequate Rest: Sufficient sleep is crucial to help the body fight infection.
- Hydration: Fever and vomiting can lead to dehydration. Regularly drinking electrolyte-rich fluids is essential to maintain fluid balance. Avoid caffeinated and sugary drinks, as they can worsen dehydration.
- Nutritious and Bland Diet: Choose easily digestible and nutritious foods. Recommended foods include soups, fruits, and healthy biscuits.
- Avoid Self-Medication: Do not take pain relievers like aspirin or ibuprofen, as they can increase the risk of bleeding.
- Cool Compresses: Applying cool compresses to the forehead and body folds can help reduce fever.
- Monitor Condition: Continuously monitor body temperature, urine output, and signs of bleeding. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Persistent high fever that does not subside
- Severe abdominal pain
- Persistent vomiting
- Increasing weakness and fatigue
- Signs of bleeding such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or red spots on the skin
In line with the Ministry of Health’s efforts, prevention is the best approach. Dengue can be prevented by:
- Eradicating mosquito breeding sites (PSN) through the 3Ms:
- Menguras (Draining): Regularly drain water-holding containers.
- Menutup (Closing): Cover water storage containers tightly.
- Membuang (Disposing): Dispose of unused water-holding items.
- Using mosquito repellent lotion.
- Wearing long-sleeved clothing and long pants when outdoors.
Early detection is a vital step in managing dengue fever for a faster and more effective recovery. Contact your nearest healthcare provider for further information and testing options.
