Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that typically manifests in childhood, often before the age of 12. It affects a person’s attention span (inattentiveness), energy levels (hyperactivity), and impulse control (impulsivity). Recognizing the symptoms and understanding the diagnosis and treatment options, including medication, are crucial for effective management.
Recognizing ADHD Symptoms in Children and Young People
Identifying ADHD involves observing a range of behaviors related to inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It’s important to note that while many children may exhibit some of these behaviors occasionally, ADHD is characterized by these symptoms being persistent and significantly impacting daily life.
Inattentive Symptoms: Children and teenagers with inattentive ADHD may frequently:
- Become easily distracted: Their focus may shift quickly to unrelated stimuli, making it hard to stay on task.
- Struggle to listen: They may appear not to hear when spoken to directly or have difficulty following spoken instructions.
- Forget daily tasks: Simple routines like personal hygiene (brushing teeth) or getting ready for school (putting on socks) might be consistently overlooked.
Hyperactive and Impulsive Symptoms: These symptoms are characterized by excessive energy and difficulty controlling actions and thoughts. They may include:
- High energy levels: A constant need to be moving or doing something, often described as being “driven by a motor.”
- Fidgeting and restlessness: They may tap their hands or feet, squirm in their seat, or have difficulty staying still.
- Excessive talking: Talking loudly or interrupting conversations can be common.
- Difficulty waiting their turn: Impatience and interrupting others are hallmarks of impulsivity.
It’s important to recognize that most children with ADHD present a combination of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. However, some individuals may primarily exhibit one type of symptom. Notably, ADHD can sometimes be underdiagnosed in girls, possibly because they may more often present with inattentive symptoms, which can be less outwardly disruptive and therefore harder to identify.
It’s also crucial to remember that occasional distractibility, impulsivity, and high energy are normal in young children, especially those under 5. These behaviors alone do not necessarily indicate ADHD and could be related to other factors like tiredness, anxiety, or stress.
Seeking Help and Getting an ADHD Diagnosis
If you are concerned that your child might have ADHD, the first step is often to speak with their teacher. Older children or teenagers may initiate this conversation themselves. Teachers can then refer the child to the school’s special educational needs coordinator (SENCO).
The SENCO plays a vital role in providing initial support within the school environment. This support can range from classroom adjustments and homework assistance to strategies for building confidence and social skills.
If concerns persist or if more intensive support seems necessary, scheduling an appointment with a General Practitioner (GP) is advisable. During the GP appointment, the doctor will inquire about the child’s symptoms and how these symptoms affect their daily functioning. The GP will also consider other potential conditions that might mimic ADHD symptoms, such as autism spectrum disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, or anxiety disorders. It’s also important to note that ADHD can co-occur with other conditions like depression, anxiety, learning difficulties like dyslexia, or addictions.
The GP or SENCO may suggest parent training programs or local support groups as part of initial management strategies.
Requesting a Formal ADHD Assessment
If home and school-based support are insufficient, requesting a formal ADHD assessment is the next step. This involves asking the GP or SENCO for a referral to specialist services.
While awaiting assessment, it’s essential to maintain support systems at home and school. Local councils and family hubs can also offer guidance and resources for families during this time. Family hubs provide support for children and young people from birth up to age 19, and up to 25 for those with special educational needs or disabilities.
What to Expect During an ADHD Assessment
ADHD assessments are conducted by specialists, such as pediatricians or child and adolescent psychiatrists. The assessment process typically involves:
- Detailed discussions: The specialist will talk with both the child and parents to gather in-depth information about symptoms, family history, and home life.
- Developmental history: Questions about the child’s developmental milestones, such as walking and reading ages, will be asked.
- Questionnaires and forms: There may be forms to complete before or during the assessment process.
- School input: The specialist will usually contact the SENCO or teachers to understand the child’s functioning in the school setting.
- Computer-based tests: In some cases, computer tests may be used to aid in symptom assessment.
Following the assessment, if an ADHD diagnosis is confirmed, the specialist will explain the diagnosis, discuss next steps, and outline available treatment and support options. These options may include behavioral therapies, educational support, and, importantly, ADHD medication.
Understanding Waiting Times for ADHD Assessments
It’s important to be aware that waiting times for ADHD assessments can vary significantly, potentially extending to several months or even years.
The NHS Right to Choose scheme offers a potential avenue to reduce waiting times. Through this scheme, individuals can request a referral to any qualified provider offering NHS ADHD services, which might include clinics with shorter waiting lists, even private clinics providing NHS services. More information on choosing an NHS clinic can be found on the NHS website. Additionally, ADHD UK provides resources on diagnosis pathways for children.
Managing ADHD: Treatment Options and the Role of Medication
Managing ADHD is multifaceted and tailored to the individual’s needs and symptoms. Approaches range from lifestyle adjustments and school and home-based strategies to medical interventions, including ADHD medication. The appropriate management plan depends on the severity of symptoms and their impact on the child’s life. Not every child with ADHD requires professional or medical intervention.
Consulting with a SENCO or school nurse can provide valuable insights into non-medical strategies for support. Educating oneself and the child about ADHD is also a crucial step in effective management. For those referred to specialist ADHD services, professionals can offer detailed advice and support, particularly regarding treatment options like ADHD medication.
Lifestyle Adjustments
Lifestyle changes can significantly complement other ADHD management strategies.
Recommended Lifestyle Adjustments:
- Regular Physical Activity: Encourage enjoyable physical activities to channel energy constructively.
- Consistent Sleep Schedule: Prioritize regular and sufficient sleep. Resources like the Royal College of Psychiatrists website offer advice on managing sleep problems.
- Healthy Diet: Promote a balanced diet with regular mealtimes. The NHS website provides guidance on healthy eating.
- Food and Symptom Diary: If certain foods seem to exacerbate symptoms, keeping a food diary can help identify potential triggers for discussion with school staff or healthcare professionals.
School and Home Support Strategies
Collaborating with the SENCO to implement supportive adjustments at school and home is crucial. These strategies might include:
- Task Segmentation: Breaking down tasks like homework or meals into shorter, manageable 15-20 minute segments with breaks in between.
- Clear Instructions: Providing simple, step-by-step instructions in a calm and patient manner.
- To-Do Lists: Creating visible to-do lists to aid organization and task completion.
- Positive Reinforcement: Using praise and reward charts to acknowledge successes and encourage positive behaviors.
ADHD Medication: A Key Treatment Option
ADHD medication is a significant component of treatment for many children and adolescents with ADHD. It’s essential to understand that ADHD medication must be initiated and carefully monitored by an ADHD specialist.
Types of ADHD Medication:
- Stimulant Medications: These are commonly prescribed to help manage core ADHD symptoms. Methylphenidate, for example, is a widely used stimulant medication that enhances focus and reduces impulsivity and hyperactivity.
- Non-Stimulant Medications: These medications offer an alternative for individuals who cannot tolerate stimulants or for whom stimulants are not effective.
- Melatonin: In cases where sleep disturbances are a significant issue alongside ADHD, melatonin may be prescribed to improve sleep patterns, particularly when other sleep hygiene methods have been unsuccessful.
It’s not uncommon for individuals to try different ADHD medications to find the most effective one with the fewest side effects. While a GP may, under a “shared care agreement” with an ADHD specialist, take over prescribing medication, the initiation and primary monitoring must remain with the specialist. It’s important to reiterate that medication is not a necessity or desired treatment for everyone with ADHD.
Talking Therapies
Talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can be beneficial for children and young people with ADHD. CBT helps individuals develop coping mechanisms for problem-solving and managing emotional expression. The NHS website offers further information on talking therapies like CBT.
ADHD and Mental Health Considerations
Individuals with ADHD have an increased likelihood of experiencing mental health challenges, including anxiety and depression. They are also, sadly, at a higher risk of suicide. It is therefore vital to provide immediate support and resources to any child or young person struggling emotionally. Mental health support services for children and young people are readily available, and seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness.
Understanding the Causes of ADHD
The exact cause of ADHD is often not definitively known. However, research suggests a strong genetic component, as ADHD frequently runs in families. Other factors linked to an increased risk of ADHD include premature birth (before 37 weeks of gestation), epilepsy, brain injury, and autism spectrum disorder. Some individuals with ADHD identify as neurodivergent, a term that encompasses the natural variations in how human brains function.
Resources and Support for ADHD
Numerous resources are available to support children, teenagers, and families affected by ADHD. Schools and healthcare providers are key points of contact, but various organizations also offer valuable information and assistance.
Key ADHD Support Organizations:
- ADHD UK: Provides comprehensive information and support for anyone impacted by ADHD.
- ADHD Foundation: Offers resources for individuals affected by neurodivergent conditions, including ADHD.
- ADHD Adult UK: Provides peer support and information for parents of children with ADHD and for adults with ADHD themselves.
- Young Minds: Focuses on mental health support for young people.
- AADD-UK: A charity that lists ADHD support groups across the UK, including groups for adults, parents, and carers.
Page last reviewed: 19 March 2025
Next review due: 19 March 2028
