Mental disorders, often referred to as psychological or psychiatric disorders, encompass a wide range of conditions that affect a person’s thinking, feeling, behavior, and overall well-being. These conditions are characterized by patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that can significantly impact various aspects of life, causing distress and impairment for the individual experiencing them.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), is a comprehensive guide used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders. It lists hundreds of distinct conditions, ranging from common issues like anxiety and depression to less prevalent disorders. While the DSM-5-TR provides detailed diagnostic criteria, including typical age of onset, it does not offer treatment guidelines or predictions about the course of illness.
It’s important to understand that this overview is not exhaustive but covers major categories of disorders outlined in the DSM-5-TR, providing a foundational understanding of Psychology Diagnosis in the realm of mental health.
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions that typically manifest during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Neurodevelopmental disorders involve disturbances in brain development that affect various aspects of functioning.
Intellectual Development Disorder
Previously known as intellectual disability, this disorder is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, with onset before the age of 18. Intellectual functioning is often assessed through IQ tests, with scores below 70 indicating potential limitations. Adaptive behaviors encompass practical, everyday skills necessary for independent living, such as self-care, social interaction, and practical life skills.
Global Developmental Delay
This diagnosis is used for children under five years old who exhibit delays in multiple areas of development, including cognition, social functioning, speech, language, and motor skills. It’s often considered a provisional diagnosis because standardized IQ tests are not reliable for this age group. As children mature and can undergo standardized testing, a more specific diagnosis, such as intellectual development disorder, may be assigned.
Communication Disorders
Communication disorders affect the ability to use, understand, or detect language and speech. The DSM-5-TR identifies several subtypes:
- Language Disorder: Difficulties in acquiring and using language, including spoken, written, and sign language.
- Speech Sound Disorder: Difficulty producing speech sounds, leading to unclear or unintelligible speech.
- Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering): Disruptions in the fluency and rhythm of speech, often involving repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables.
- Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder: Difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication, such as understanding social cues and adjusting communication to different contexts.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent challenges in social interaction and communication across various contexts, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Symptoms must be present in early childhood and cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. ASD is a spectrum condition, meaning that symptoms and severity can vary widely among individuals.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is marked by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with daily life and occurs in multiple settings, such as home, school, and work. Symptoms must have been present before age 12 and negatively impact social, academic, or occupational functioning. ADHD can manifest differently in individuals, with some primarily experiencing inattention, others hyperactivity-impulsivity, or a combination of both.
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Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar disorder is characterized by significant mood swings, ranging from periods of elevated mood to periods of depression. These mood shifts are accompanied by changes in energy levels and activity.
Mania
Mania is a distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased energy and activity levels. Individuals experiencing mania may exhibit racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep, impulsivity, and inflated self-esteem. They may engage in risky behaviors with potentially negative consequences, such as excessive spending or reckless investments. In severe cases, mania can include psychotic symptoms like grandiose delusions or hallucinations. Mania is a defining feature of Bipolar I disorder.
Hypomania
Hypomania shares similar features with mania, including elevated mood and increased energy, but it is less severe and of shorter duration. While still noticeable to others, hypomania typically does not cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning, and psychotic symptoms are absent. Hypomania is a key feature of Bipolar II disorder.
Depressive Episodes
Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. Other symptoms can include fatigue, changes in appetite and sleep, difficulty concentrating, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts. These episodes can be debilitating and significantly impact daily life. Effective treatments, including medication and psychotherapy, are available to manage bipolar disorder and stabilize mood.
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders are defined by excessive and persistent fear, worry, and anxiety that are disproportionate to the actual threat. These disorders also involve related behavioral disturbances aimed at avoiding anxiety-provoking situations.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
GAD is characterized by excessive worry about a variety of everyday events and situations. This worry is difficult to control and causes significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. Individuals with GAD may experience physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, involves intense fear and anxiety in social situations where the individual may be scrutinized by others. This fear stems from concerns about being judged negatively, humiliated, or embarrassed. Social situations are often avoided, and the anxiety can significantly interfere with work, school, and social life.
Specific Phobias
Specific phobias are characterized by intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. Common examples include phobias of spiders, heights, snakes, flying, or enclosed spaces. Exposure to the feared object or situation triggers immediate anxiety, which can manifest as panic attacks. Individuals with phobias actively avoid the feared stimulus, and this avoidance can significantly limit their activities.
Panic Disorder
Panic disorder is marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden episodes of intense fear that peak within minutes and involve physical symptoms like heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and trembling. Individuals with panic disorder often develop anticipatory anxiety, worrying about future panic attacks, which can lead to avoidance of situations where attacks have occurred or might occur.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Separation anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from attachment figures. While separation anxiety is normal in young children, it becomes a disorder when it is developmentally inappropriate and causes significant distress or impairment. In older children and adults, separation anxiety can manifest as reluctance to leave home, attend school or work, or engage in activities away from attachment figures.
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Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
These disorders develop following exposure to a stressful or traumatic event. They were previously categorized under anxiety disorders but are now recognized as a distinct category due to their specific etiology rooted in traumatic experiences.
Acute Stress Disorder
Acute stress disorder develops in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event, with symptoms lasting from three days to one month after the trauma. Symptoms include intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, negative mood, dissociative symptoms (such as feeling detached or having amnesia about the event), and hyperarousal. If symptoms persist beyond one month, the diagnosis may be changed to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Adjustment Disorders
Adjustment disorders are characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms that arise in response to identifiable stressors, such as job loss, relationship breakup, or illness. Symptoms develop within three months of the stressor and are out of proportion to the severity of the stressor. They cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Adjustment disorders are typically short-term, resolving within six months once the stressor or its consequences have subsided.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD can develop after exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. Symptoms of PTSD include re-experiencing the traumatic event (e.g., flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and hyperarousal (e.g., exaggerated startle response, hypervigilance). Symptoms must last for more than one month and cause significant distress or impairment to meet the criteria for PTSD.
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) can occur in young children who have experienced significant neglect or inconsistent caregiving in early childhood. RAD is characterized by a pattern of emotionally withdrawn behavior towards adult caregivers, with limited positive affect and emotional dysregulation. Children with RAD often have difficulty forming healthy attachments and may exhibit social and emotional disturbances due to their early experiences of inadequate care.
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior. Dissociation can serve as a defense mechanism against overwhelming trauma or stress.
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. The amnesia may be localized (related to a specific period), selective (only certain aspects of an event are forgotten), or generalized (loss of memory for identity and life history). Dissociative amnesia is often triggered by traumatic experiences.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder, involves the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities that recurrently take control of the individual’s behavior. Each personality state may have its own unique history, self-image, and way of interacting with the world. Individuals with DID experience gaps in memory for everyday events, personal information, and traumatic experiences, which are beyond ordinary forgetfulness.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Depersonalization/derealization disorder is characterized by persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization, derealization, or both. Depersonalization involves feeling detached from one’s own body, thoughts, feelings, or actions, as if one is an outside observer of one’s life. Derealization involves feelings of unreality or detachment from the external world, as if surroundings are dreamlike, distorted, or unreal. Reality testing remains intact during these experiences, meaning the individual is aware that these feelings are not accurate perceptions of reality.
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Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Somatic symptom disorders are characterized by prominent physical symptoms that cause significant distress and impairment, accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to these symptoms. The focus is not on whether the physical symptoms have a medical explanation, but rather on the individual’s abnormal response to their symptoms.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Somatic symptom disorder involves one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life, along with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the somatic symptoms. Individuals with this disorder may persistently worry about their health, seek excessive medical care, and experience significant anxiety about their symptoms. The somatic symptoms may or may not have a medical explanation.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness. Individuals with this disorder experience high levels of anxiety about their health and are easily alarmed about personal health status. They may engage in excessive health-related behaviors, such as repeatedly checking for signs of illness, or exhibit maladaptive avoidance, such as avoiding medical care. Somatic symptoms may be minimal or absent in illness anxiety disorder.
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
Conversion disorder involves motor or sensory symptoms that suggest a neurological condition but are incompatible with recognized neurological or medical conditions. Common symptoms include weakness or paralysis, abnormal movements, swallowing difficulties, speech disturbance, seizures, or sensory loss. Psychological factors are believed to play a significant role in the onset and maintenance of symptoms.
Factitious Disorder
Factitious disorder is characterized by intentionally falsifying or inducing physical or psychological symptoms in oneself or others. The motivation for this behavior is to assume the sick role, not for external rewards such as financial gain. Factitious disorder imposed on self is when an individual fakes illness in themselves, while factitious disorder imposed on another (previously Munchausen syndrome by proxy) is when an individual fakes illness in another person, often a child.
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Feeding and eating disorders are characterized by persistent disturbances of eating or eating-related behavior that result in altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impair physical health or psychosocial functioning.
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Individuals with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, and a disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, which are defined as eating, in a discrete period of time, an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances, and a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode. These binge eating episodes are followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Rumination Disorder
Rumination disorder involves repeated regurgitation of food, which may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. The regurgitation is not due to a gastrointestinal condition or other medical condition. For infants, rumination disorder typically occurs between 3 to 12 months of age.
Pica
Pica involves persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of at least one month. The eating of these substances is inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual and is not culturally supported or socially normative practice. Examples of substances consumed in pica include paper, soap, cloth, hair, dirt, paint, and ice.
Binge Eating Disorder
Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, as defined in bulimia nervosa, but without regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors. Individuals with binge eating disorder experience significant distress regarding binge eating. The binge eating episodes occur, on average, at least once a week for three months.
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Sleep-Wake Disorders
Sleep-wake disorders involve persistent problems with sleep quantity, quality, and timing that result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning.
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness despite at least seven hours of sleep. Individuals with narcolepsy may experience cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions), hypocretin deficiency, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep abnormalities.
Insomnia Disorder
Insomnia disorder involves dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one or more of the following: difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, or early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioral, or other important areas of functioning and occurs at least three nights per week for at least three months.
Hypersomnolence Disorder
Hypersomnolence disorder is characterized by excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period of at least seven hours, with at least one of the following: recurrent periods of sleep or lapses into sleep within the same day, prolonged but nonrestorative sleep of more than nine hours per day, or difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening. The excessive sleepiness occurs at least three times per week for at least three months.
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
Breathing-related sleep disorders are characterized by sleep disruption due to breathing abnormalities during sleep. The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, characterized by episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. Central sleep apnea involves decreased respiratory effort during sleep. Sleep-related hypoventilation involves decreased respiration and increased CO2 levels during sleep.
Parasomnias
Parasomnias are characterized by abnormal events or experiences that occur during sleep or sleep-wake transitions. Non-REM sleep arousal disorders include sleepwalking and sleep terrors. Nightmare disorder involves recurrent, extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve threats to survival, security, or physical integrity. REM sleep behavior disorder involves arousal during REM sleep associated with vocalization or complex motor behaviors. Restless legs syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by an urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs, which worsens during periods of rest or inactivity and is partially or totally relieved by movement.
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
These disorders are characterized by problems in self-control of emotions and behaviors, which are manifested in behaviors that violate the rights of others and/or bring the individual into significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures.
Kleptomania
Kleptomania is characterized by a recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value. The individual experiences increasing tension before committing the theft, and pleasure, gratification, or relief at the time of committing the theft. The stealing is not committed to express anger or vengeance and is not in response to a delusion or a hallucination.
Pyromania
Pyromania is characterized by deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion. The individual experiences tension or affective arousal before the act. There is fascination with, interest in, curiosity about, or attraction to fire and its situational contexts (e.g., paraphernalia, uses, consequences). Pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting fires or when witnessing or participating in their aftermath. The fire setting is not done for monetary gain, as an expression of anger or vengeance, to conceal criminal activity, to express sociopolitical ideology, in response to a delusion or hallucination, or as a result of impaired judgment (e.g., in major neurocognitive disorder, intellectual disability, substance intoxication).
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Intermittent explosive disorder involves recurrent behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control aggressive impulses. These outbursts can manifest as verbal aggression, physical aggression toward property, animals, or other individuals. The outbursts are impulsive and anger-based, and the intensity of the outbursts is grossly out of proportion to the provocation or precipitating stressors.
Conduct Disorder
Conduct disorder is diagnosed in children and adolescents who exhibit a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors fall into four categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting for at least six months. These behaviors are directed toward at least one individual who is not a sibling. ODD is associated with distress in the individual or in others in his or her immediate social context (e.g., family, peer group, work colleagues), or it impacts negatively on social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
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Depressive Disorders
Depressive disorders are characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual’s capacity to function.
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: This childhood condition involves chronic, severe irritability and frequent temper outbursts that are developmentally inappropriate.
- Major Depressive Disorder: Characterized by one or more major depressive episodes, defined by depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, accompanied by other symptoms such as sleep disturbances, appetite changes, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): A chronic form of depression with less severe symptoms than major depressive disorder, but symptoms persist for at least two years in adults (one year in children and adolescents).
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Characterized by significant mood symptoms, including depression, anxiety, irritability, and lability, occurring in the week before menses and remitting within a few days after the onset of menses.
- Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder: Depressive symptoms that develop during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication.
- Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition: Depressive symptoms that are judged to be a direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
Substance-related disorders encompass problems associated with the use of psychoactive substances such as alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other or unknown substances. Addictive disorders include gambling disorder.
Gambling Disorder
Gambling disorder involves persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. The gambling behavior is not better explained by a manic episode. Gambling disorder is included in this category due to increasing evidence that gambling activates brain reward systems similarly to substances of abuse, and gambling disorder symptoms resemble substance use disorders to a certain extent.
Neurocognitive Disorders
Neurocognitive disorders are characterized by acquired deficits in cognitive function. These disorders represent a decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition).
Delirium
Delirium is characterized by a disturbance in attention and awareness and a change in cognition that develops acutely over a short period of time (usually hours to a few days) and tends to fluctuate in severity during the course of the day. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, or exposure to a toxin, or is due to multiple etiologies.
Other Neurocognitive Disorders
Major neurocognitive disorder represents significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains. Mild neurocognitive disorder represents modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains. These disorders can be due to various etiological subtypes, such as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body disease, vascular disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV infection, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, prion disease, substance/medication-induced, due to another medical condition, or multiple etiologies.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are defined by abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms.
- Schizophrenia: Characterized by two or more of the core symptoms of psychosis (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, negative symptoms) being present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period (or less if successfully treated). Significant impairment in social or occupational functioning for a period of at least six months is also required for diagnosis.
- Delusional Disorder: Characterized by the presence of one or more delusions with a duration of one month or longer. Criteria A for schizophrenia has never been met. Functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously odd or bizarre apart from the impact of the delusion(s).
- Schizoaffective Disorder: A condition in which the individual experiences symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder (major depressive episode or manic episode). Psychotic symptoms (delusions or hallucinations) must be present for at least two weeks in the absence of prominent mood symptoms.
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Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are characterized by obsessions, compulsions, preoccupation with body appearance, hoarding, and hair-pulling and skin-picking, and these are distinguished from normative behaviors and thoughts by their excessive or persistent nature and associated distress and impairment.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
OCD is characterized by the presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted, and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g., take more than one hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.
- Antisocial Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years.
- Avoidant Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Borderline Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Dependent Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Histrionic Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Paranoid Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Schizoid Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
In Conclusion
Understanding psychology diagnosis, particularly in the context of mental disorders, is crucial for both individuals seeking help and professionals providing care. This overview provides a foundational understanding of the diverse categories of mental disorders as classified in the DSM-5-TR. It highlights the wide spectrum of conditions that fall under the umbrella of mental illness, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment to improve the lives of those affected. Remember, seeking professional help is a sign of strength, and effective treatments are available for many psychological disorders, offering hope and recovery.
